Heat shock proteins (HSPs). particularly HSP90. play a vital role in insect responses to environmental and biotic stresses by maintaining protein stability and supporting immune defenses. This study explores HSP90 regulation in Galleria mellonella larvae following exposure to the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and its symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila. https://www.inksstops.shop/product-category/tracing-paper/